分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
Svetlana Jorstad
Maciek Wielgus
Rocco Lico
Sara Issaoun
Avery E. Broderick
Dominic W. Pesce
Jun Liu
Guang-Yao Zhao
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Lindy Blackburn
Chi-Kwan Chan
Michael Janssen
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Kazunori Akiyama
Antxon Alberdi
Juan Carlos Algaba
Katherine L. Bouman
Ilje Cho
Antonio Fuentes
Jose L. Gomez
摘要： We report on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530 with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) on 2017 April 5-7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. At z=0.902 this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. We reconstruct the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an unprecedented angular resolution of $\sim$ 20 $\mu$as, both in total intensity and in linear polarization. We do not detect source variability, allowing us to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which we associate with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of $\sim$5-8% and has a sub-structure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 $\mu$as along a position angle PA$\sim -$28$^\circ$. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle, EVPA), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of linear polarization, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field. Future EHT observations will probe the variability of the jet structure on ${\mu}$as scales, while simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring will provide insight into the high energy emission origin.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Two dozens of radio loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have been observed with Urumqi 25 m radio telescope in order to search for intra-day variability (IDV). The target sources are blazars (namely flat spectrum radio quasars and BL Lac objects) which are mostly selected from the observing list of RadioAstron AGN monitoring campaigns. The observations were carried out at 4.8 GHz in two sessions of 8-12 February 2014 and 7-9 March respectively. We report the data reduction and the first results of observations. The results show that the majority of the blazars exhibit IDV in 99.9% confidence level, some of them show quite strong IDV. We find the strong IDV of blazar 1357 + 769 for the first time. The IDV at centimeter-wavelength is believed to be predominately caused by the scintillation of blazar emission through the local interstellar medium in a few hundreds parsecs away from Sun. No significant correlation between the IDV strength and either redshift or Galactic latitude is found in our sample. The IDV timescale along with source structure and brightness temperature analysis will be presented in a forthcoming paper.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Ultrahigh peak power lasers are important scientific tools for frontier laser-physics researches, in which both the peak power improvement and operating safety are very important meanwhile limited by the damage threshold and size of compression gratings currently. Based on a recent reported method "multistep pulse compressor (MPC)", a multistage smoothing based MPC (MS-MPC) is proposed here to further improve the running safety, operating convenience, and simplify the whole setup of the MPC. In this optimized design, the beam smoothing is not simply executed in the pre-compressor or main-compressor, but separated into multistage. Then, it can protect important optics in every stage directly and reduce the executing difficult of typical MPC at the same time. The prism pair based pre-compressor will induce suitable spatial dispersion which is easier to be achieved and enough to protect the first grating directly. At the same time, the asymmetric four-grating compressor (AFGC) will also induce spatial dispersion to further smooth the laser beam which helps to protect the last grating directly. In this way, 10s-100s PW lasers can be compressed by using current available optics with improved operating safety owing to remove random spatial intensity modulations. Furthermore, an additional beam smoothing stage can be added before the main amplifier to protect the biggest amplification crystal away from damage. This MS-MPC optical design can be easily extended to be used in all exist PW laser facilities to improve their potential compressed pulse energy and running safety.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Increasing any degree of freedom of light beam may open a wide application area of this special light beam. Vortex beam with a dimension of orbital angular momentum (OAM) as a useful light source has been widely applied in many fields. Here, unique multicolor concentric ultrafast vortex beams (MUCU-VBs), which are also named ultrafast photonic rainbow, with controllable orbital angular momentum are firstly generated using cascaded four-wave mixing (CFWM) in an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) plate. Up to 9 multicolor concentric annular ultrafast vortex sidebands are generated simultaneously. The topological charges of the sidebands, which are controllable by changing the topological charges of the two input pump beams, are measured and in according with the theoretical analysis very well. The novel MUCU-VBs can be manipulated simultaneously in temporal, spatial, spectral domains and OAM state, which open more than one new degree of freedoms of vortex light beam and will be of wide and special applications, such as multicolor pump-probe experiments, simultaneous microparticle manipulation and exploring, and optical communication. Moreover, the special focusing properties of the multicolor ultrafast sidebands, such as multi-focus of different wavelengths, may further extend their application area.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： A multistage smoothing multistep pulse compressor (MPC) based on a single-pass single-grating-pair (SSGP) main compressor is proposed to simplify the entire petawatt (PW) compressor. Only one grating pair with relatively long distance is used to generate the same amount of spectral dispersion in the main compressor compared with a four-grating main compressor. As the SSGP induces the largest spatial dispersion, it can introduce the best beam-smoothing effect to the laser beam on the last grating. When considering the diffraction loss of only two gratings, the total compression efficiency of the SSGP main compressor is even larger than that of a four-grating main compressor. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal aberration induced by single-grating-pair can be compensated effectively by using deformable mirrors, however it is difficult or complicated to be well compensated in a four-grating compressor. Approximately 50-100 PW laser pulses can be obtained using this SSGP-based multistage smoothing MPC with a single laser beam
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV) is a unique optical vortex with phase singularity in the space-time domain and the photons in a STOV can carry transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM). The STOV shows many fantastic properties which are worth exploring. Here, we theoretically and experimentally study the diffraction property of STOV, which is a fundamental wave phenomenon. The diffraction behaviors of STOVs are obviously affected by the transverse OAM. The diffraction patterns of STOV pulses diffracted by a grating show multi-lobe structure with each gap corresponding to 1 topological charge. The diffraction properties of lights with transverse OAM are demonstrated clearly and help us understanding the physical properties of STOV, which will be of special applications, such as the realization of fast detection of STOVs with different topological charges, which may pay the way for STOV based optical communication.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The peak power improvement and running safety of petawatt (PW) lasers are limited by laser-induced damage of optical components with limited sizes and damage thresholds. Diffraction gratings in pulse compressors have been the shortest stave of PW lasers up to now, as to manufacture a high quality meter-sized grating remains particularly challenging. Here, the asymmetric four-grating compressor (AFGC) with asymmetric configuration is proposed for PW lasers to increase the maximum bearable output pulse energy and running safety without neither additional optical component nor extra control in comparison to a traditional Treacy four-grating compressor (TFGC) with symmetric configuration. In AFGC, suitable spatial dispersion can be introduced in the output laser beam which is able to decrease the laser spatial intensity modulation (LSIM) of the output beam on the final grating. The introduced spatial dispersion can be automatically compensated at the focal plane by using the spatiotemporal focusing technique. Based on this simple AFGC design, not only the damage risk of the final grating can be reduced, but also the maximum output pulse energy can be improved by about 1.8 times theoretically. As an example, 100 PW output power can be achieved theoretically by using the AFGC with an input beam size of 550*700 mm2.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Ultra-short ultra-intense laser provides unprecedented experimental tools and extreme physical conditions to explore frontier secrets of nature. Recently, multistep pulse compressor (MPC) was proposed to break through the limitation of the size and damage threshold of the grating in the compressor during the realization of higher peak power laser. In the MPC methods, beam smoothing in the pre-compressor is a very important process. Here, beam smoothing based on prism pair were studied technically, in which both the spatial profiles and the spectral dispersive properties were analyzed in detail. The simulation results show clearly that the prism pair can effectively smooth the laser beam. Furthermore, the beam smoothing is much more efficiency with shorter separated distance if two prism pairs are arranged to induce spatial dispersion at one direction or two directions. The results of beam smoothing here will help the optimized optical designs in all PW laser systems to improve their output and running safety.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Whispering-gallery mode crystalline resonators currently maintain the best quality factor (Q) record, however, compact on-chip packaging is still a challenge although various coupling architectures have been developed. Here, a chemical etching method is proposed to fabricate a miniaturized tapered fiber waveguide on silicon substrate. The Marangoni effect is implemented to reduce the surface roughness of the cone region. The optical loss of 0.1 dB/mm is obtained, and the Q of on-chip crystalline resonator exceeds 108. Additionally, TEC is implanted in the package to actively customize the temperature, and the temperature response of 18 pm/K is consistent with the theoretical calculation.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： The sandwich structure as the core layer of PDMS resonator is proposed for single-axis magnetic sensor with high sensitivity. The small Young's modulus of flexible material corresponds to larger variation, resulting in a highly sensitive magnetic response. The sandwich structure pre-set magnetic field provides directional sensing feature. The experimental results show that the redshift sensitivity of 1.08 nm/mT and the blueshift sensitivity of 1.12 nm/mT in the unshielded environment, which is attributed to slight variation in PDMS Young's modulus. At 1.4 kHz, a minimum detectable magnetic field of 0.96 nT Hz-1/2 is realized.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Optical sectioning technology has been widely used in various fluorescence microscopes owing to its background removing capability. Here, a virtual HiLo based on edge detection (V-HiLo-ED) is proposed to achieve wide-field optical sectioning, which requires only single wide-field image. Compared with conventional optical sectioning technologies, its imaging speed can be increased by at least twice, meanwhile maintaining nice optical sectioning performance, low cost, and excellent artifact suppression capabilities. Furthermore, the new V-HiLo-ED can also be extended to other non-fluorescence imaging fields. This simple, cost-effective and easy-to-extend method will benefit many research and application fields that needs to remove out-of-focus blurred images.
分类： 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间： 2018-03-30
摘要： Synthesis of low-cost, highly-active and durable non-platinum metal catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is always full of challenge. Here, Ni nanoparticles modified reduced graphene oxide (Ni/rGO) as an efficient non-platinum catalyst were synthesized by laser ablation of Ni target in graphene oxide (GO) solution and the following in situ reduction process. It found that GO played an important role to restrict the growth and aggregation of ultrafine nickel colloids (< 5 nm) in the process of laser ablation. The resulting Ni/rGO catalyst showed advantageous in active sites and charge transport resulting from the small particle size, uniform dispersion and electronic effect arising from the electron interactions between reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Ni. The obtained Ni/rGO exhibited the ultrahigh catalytic mass activity of 1600 mA/mg, methanol saturation concentration (4 M), which was superior to that of the reported Ni-based catalysts. Remarkably the mass activities of Ni/rGO before and after 1000 cycles exceed that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, indicating excellent catalytic activity and stability.
分类： 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间： 2018-03-30
摘要： Co-Ni layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as promising supercapacitor electrode materials with high specific capacity, have suffered poor rate property and cycle stability. By doping and topochemical oxidation of Ni ions is considered as efficivent rout to overcome these drawbacks. In this work, Ni3+ doped cobalt-nickel layered double hydroxides (Co-Ni-LDHs) were synthesized by pluse laser ablation of Ni taget in CoCl2 aqeous solution. The existence of Ni3+ ions doped in Co-Ni-LDHs decline the conductive resistance, and increase the mobility of surface charge and transfer rate of electrolyte. As a results, the Ni3+ doped Co-Ni-LDHs display a maximum specific capacitance of 2275 F/g and 1450 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g and 20 A/g, respectivly, indicating a high rate specific capacitance. Moreover, the capacitance retention is to be 80% after 1800 cycles at the current density of 6 A/g, manifesting good cycling stability of Ni3+ doped Co-Ni-LDHs.
分类： 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间： 2018-03-30
摘要： Agglomeration-triggered deactivation of supported platinum electrocatalysts markedly hinders their application in methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In this study, graphene-supported nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe–LDH/rGO), in which Fe3+ was introduced to replace Ni2+ partially in the Ni(OH)2 lattice to provide stronger metal–support bonding sites, was utilized to immobilize Pt nanoparticles (NPs). Given the optimized metal–support interfacial contact (Fe3+–O(H)–Pt) between Pt NPs and NiFe–LDH/rGO nanosheets for Pt/NiFe–LDH/rGO electrocatalysts, the Pt/NiFe–LDH/rGO electrocatalysts displayed dramatically enhanced durability than that of Pt/Ni(OH)2/rGO counterpart as well as commercial Pt/C, and 86.5% of its initial catalytic activity can be maintained even after 1200 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests during MOR. First-principle calculations toward the resultant M–O(H)–Pt (M = Fe3+, Ni2+) interfacial structure further corroborates that the NiFe–LDH nanosheets can provide stronger bonding sites (via the Fe3+–O(H)–Pt bonds) to immobilize Pt NPs than those of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets (via the Ni2+–O(H)–Pt bonds).
分类： 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间： 2018-03-30
摘要： Transition metal/nitrogen/carbon (M-N/C) catalysts are considered as one of the most promising candidates to replace Pt/C catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). Here, we have designed novel reduced graphene oxides (rGO) supported Fe-N-doped carbon (Fe-N-C/rGO) catalysts via simple pyrolysis of polypyrrole(Ppy)-FeO-GO composites. The as-prepared catalysts induced an onset potential of 0.94 V, a half-wave potential of 0.81 V in alkaline solutions, which is much better than that of the counterpart N-C and N-C/rGO catalysts, and comparable to that of Pt/C catalysts. Moreover, the Fe-N-C/rGO catalysts showed improved durability and higher tolerance against methanol crossover than Pt/C in alkaline solutions. This superior ORR perfomance can be ascribed to the combined catalytic effect of both Fe-based nanoparticles (Fe3O4, Fe4C) and Fe-Nx sites, as well as fast mass transfer and accessible active sites benefitting from the mesporous structure and high specific surface area. This work provides new insight for synthesis of a more promising non-platinum electrocatalyst for metal-air batteries and fuel-cell applications.
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间： 2017-11-01
摘要： Doping additional ions into semiconductor is a potential strategy to modify the electronic structure of semiconductor materials. By using a highly reactive colloidal Cu clusters as doping precursor, we present here the successful doping of Cu ions into TiO2 nanocrystalline that simultaneously transformed from amorphous anodic TiO2 nanotubes during a dissolution and recrystallization process. The Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Cu-TNPs) film was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The Cu-TNPs show a rugby-like shape with exposed active {101}, {001} facets and the long-axis parallel to [001] lattice direction. The substitutional Cu2+ ions dopants in TiO2 nanocrystals caused the swelling of the crystalline unit cell. Such efficient doping design facilitate the improvement of nanostructured TiO2 as a potential biosensor for glucose molecules.
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间： 2017-11-01
摘要： Morphology control and impurity doping are two widely applied strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of nanomaterials. Herein, we report an environmentally friendly approach to obtain Co-doped Ni(OH)2 nanosheet networks using a laser-induced cobalt colloid as a doping precursor followed by an aging treatment in a hybrid medium of nickel ions. The shape and specific surface area of the doped Ni(OH)2 can be successfully adjusted by changing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate. Furthermore, a Co-doped Ni(OH)2 nanosheet network was further converted into Co-doped NiO with its pristine morphology retained via facile thermal decomposition in air. The structure and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared samples are investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm technique, and electrochemical measurements. The Co-doped Ni(OH)2 electrode shows an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 1421 F/g at a current density of 6 A/g, and a good retention level of 76% after 1000 cycles, in sharp contrast with only a 47% retention level of the pure Ni(OH)2 electrode at the same current density. In addition, the Co-doped NiO electrode exhibits a capacitance of 720 F/g at 6 A/g and 92% retention after 1000 cycles, which is also superior to those values for relevant pure NiO electrodes. The Co2+ partially substitutes for Ni2+ in the metal hydroxide and oxide, resulting in an increase of free holes in the valence band, and, therefore, enhancement of the p-type conductivity of Ni(OH)2 and NiO. Moreover, such novel mesoporous nanosheet network structures are also able to enlarge the electrode-electrolyte contact area and shorten the path length for ion transport. The synergetic effect of these two results is responsible for the observed ultrahigh pseudocapacitor performance.
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间： 2017-10-31
摘要： Incorporating noble metal nanoparticles on the surface or inner side of semiconductors to form a hybrid nanostructure is an effective route to improve the gas sensing performance of these semiconductors. In this study, we present novel Au-decorated ZnO nanospheres (Au-ZnO NSs) obtained by laser irradiation of liquids. Structural characterization indicated that the Au-ZnO NSs consisted of single crystalline ZnO NSs with few Au nanoparticles decorated on their surfaces and abundant encapsulated Au nanoparticles with relatively small sizes. Laser irradiation-induced heating–melting–evaporating processes are responsible for the formation of unique Au-ZnO NSs. Gas sensing properties of the Au-ZnO NSs, as gas sensing materials, were investigated and compared with those of pure ZnO NSs. The former showed lower working temperature, higher sensitivity, better selectivity, and good reproducibility. The response values of Au-ZnO NSs and pure ZnO NSs sensors to ethanol of 100 ppm were 252 and 75 at working temperature of 320 °C and 360 °C, respectively. The significant enhancements in gas sensing performance should be attributed to the electronic sensitization induced by the depleted layers between encapsulated Au nanoparticles and ZnO and chemical sensitization originating from the catalytic effects of Au nanoparticles decorated on the surfaces that dissociated molecular oxygen.
分类： 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间： 2017-10-31
摘要： A general and straightforward strategy was developed for fabricating transition metal carbide (TMC)/carbon (C) core/shell nanospheres (NSs) by laser ablation of transition metals in acetone/ethanol liquid. Various TMC/C core/shell NSs such as TaC/C, NbC/C, HfC/C, and MoC/C core/shell NSs were successfully fabricated, highlighting the generality of this method. Crucially, this approach is green, facile, catalyst-free, and especially can be operated under ambient environments. Interestingly, all of the as-synthesized TMCs in the NS cores showed a cubic phase and structures similar to that of NaCl-type. The cores were further encapsulated by amorphous carbon shell with different thickness. As an example of the functional properties of these compound materials, the TaC/C core/shell NSs obtained were investigated as a supercapacitor electrode, which showed a large specific capacitance, excellent rate capability and remarkable cycling ability, revealing that the NSs could be used as new electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. The photoluminescence of TaC/C core/shell NSs exhibited strong emission under the specific excitation wavelength at room temperature, showing potential biomedical applications due to the good biocompatibility of carbon shell. Besides, the basic physical and chemical reactions involved in the unique formation mechanism under highly nonequilibrium states induced by ultrafast laser ablation were discussed.
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